PHS 211 CBT Practice

1. Chemical substances that act as mediators for the transmission of nerve impulses across a synapse are known as __________.

2. The part of the neuron that receives incoming signals from other cells is the __________.

3. The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the resting membrane potential by pumping __________ out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

4. The minimum level of stimulus required to trigger an action potential is known as the __________ level.

5. Neurons that carry impulses from sensory receptors toward the Central Nervous System are __________ neurons.

6. The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron is termed the __________ membrane potential.

7. Synaptic knobs are also referred to as terminal __________ or boutons.

8. The junction between two neurons, where communication occurs via chemical messengers, is the __________.

9. In a nerve cell, the __________ is the organelle concerned with the processing and packaging of proteins into granules.

10. Chemical substances released from axon terminals that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft are called __________.

11. Neurotransmitters such as Noradrenaline (NA) and Dopamine are chemically classified as __________.

12. The __________ are star-shaped glial cells that can engulf and remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.

13. The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the __________.

14. A rapid, temporary change in the membrane potential that travels along an axon is called a(n) __________.

15. Communication of a signal to target cells, such as muscles or glands, occurs at the __________.

16. One of the primary functions of a neuron is the propagation of a stimulus through a(n) __________.

17. The __________ nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

18. The __________ divides into presynaptic terminals, which end in synaptic knobs containing neurotransmitter vesicles.

19. The thread-like structures in a neuron consisting of microfilaments and microtubules are called __________.

20. Nerve cells are specialized for the rapid __________ and transmission of nerve impulses throughout the body.

21. The __________ are short, branched cytoplasmic extensions that receive and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

22. The __________ helps to distinguish the axon from the dendrites under a microscope because they are absent in the former.

23. Small, local changes in membrane potential that vary in magnitude depending on the stimulus strength are called __________ potentials.

24. When a neurotransmitter is moved back into the axonal terminal for reuse, the process is called __________.

25. Conduction of an impulse in a myelinated fiber where the signal "jumps" from node to node is called __________ conduction.

26. The process of returning the membrane potential to its resting state by the outward movement of potassium ions (K+) is called __________.

27. The __________ period is the brief time following an action potential during which a second stimulus cannot trigger another impulse.

28. The long, thin projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body is the __________.

29. The fatty insulation layer that surrounds many axons to increase the speed of impulse conduction is called the __________.

30. During the __________ phase of an action potential, sodium ions (Na+) rush into the cell, making the inside more positive.

31. Glutamate and Aspartate are examples of neurotransmitters that are __________ in nature.

32. __________ are the basic functional units of the nervous system.

33. The process of __________ allows a neurotransmitter to be destroyed or disintegrated by specific enzymes in the synaptic cleft.

34. Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon where action potentials are regenerated are known as the __________.

35. Neurotransmitters like GABA and Glycine are classified by their function as __________ neurotransmitters.

36. The powerhouse of the nerve cell where ATP is produced is the __________.

37. Neurons that carry signals away from the Central Nervous System to muscles or glands are __________ neurons.

38. The Division of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion is the __________ nervous system.

39. Basophilic granules called __________ are found in the cell body and dendrites but are notably absent in the axon.

40. The __________ is the metabolic center of the neuron and contains the nucleus.